![]() ![]() FAQ: Related and frequently asked questions.Evolution: How did the human foot evolve?.Physics: What makes a curved sheet stiffer?.Biomechanics: What is the source of the foot’s stiffness?.You may also suffer arch pain if you have a structural imbalance. Controlled studies and much more data are needed for addressing issues of foot health. The most common cause of arch pain is plantar fasciitis, an inflammation of the plantar fascia. Note that we did not study foot health and do not present any data on how people should deal with issues such as flatfoot disorders or surgical treatment of foot problems such as in diabetes. ![]() Stiffness of the human foot and evolution of the transverse arch. Venkadesan M, Yawar A, Eng CM, Dias MA, Singh DK, Tommasini S, Haims A, Bandi MM, Mandre S. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of the transverse arch on foot health, the design of foot surgeries, or prosthetic and robotic feet. Therefore, our study adds an essential ingredient to the understanding of foot function and the evolution of bipedality in humans. The transverse arch that was overlooked by past research gives considerably more stiffness than the longitudinal arch that was the focus of prior studies. Much as a currency bill becomes much stiffer if you even slightly curl it along its width, we found that the transverse arch, which spans the foot’s width, stiffens the human foot. This can occur rather suddenly from an injury, such as landing hard on your foot. We found that the transverse tarsal arch is a crucial source of stiffness, and a human-like arch evolved at least 3.5 million years ago. Excess tension can also cause the fascia to tear away from the heel bone. Our study asked what makes the human foot so stiff and how those features evolved. Unlike us, the feet of other primates flex considerably. Human feet are so stiff that you can barely see them bend under these forces. When we walk or run, our feet repeatedly push on the ground with forces that exceed our bodyweight. ![]()
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